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Bertold Wiesner
Bertold Paul Wiesner (1901 - 1972) was an Austrian Jewish physiologist noted firstly for coining the term 'Psi' to denote parasychological phenomena;〔Dybvig, M., 'On the Philosophy of Psi'. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy Volume 30. Issue 3 (1987) pp253-275.〕〔Rhine, J. B., 'Psi Phenomena and Psychiatry'. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 43 (11) (1950) pp804–814.〕〔Thouless, R. H. and Wiesner, B. P., 'The Psi Processes in Normal and Paranormal Psychology'. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 48 (1948) pp177-196.〕〔Thouless, R. H. and Wiesner, B. P., 'On the Nature of Psi Phenomena'. Journal of Parapsychology Vol 1. (1946) pp107-119.〕〔Thouless, R. H., "Experiments on Paranormal Guessing". British Journal of Psychology 33 (1942) pp15-27.〕 secondly for his contribution to research into human fertility and the diagnosis of pregnancy;〔Sanders, M. A., Wiesner, B. P. and Yudkin, J. 'Control of Fertility by 6-Azauridine'〕〔McLaren, A., Reproduction by Design: Sex, Robots, Trees, and Test-Tube Babies in Interwar Britain. Chicago. University of Chicago Press 2012.〕 and thirdly for being biological father to an estimated 600 offspring by anonymously donating sperm used by his wife the obstetrician Mary Barton to perform artificial insemination on women at a private clinic on Harley Street.〔Kensche, C., '600 Children Looking for a Father'. Die Welt 10 April 2012.〕〔Stevens, B., (Writer & Director) 'Bio-Dad' Documentary. Barna-Alper Productions. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) 2009.〕〔Fricker, M., 'Grand Daddy: Sperm Donor Scientist May Have Fathered 1000 Babies at Clinic He Ran'. London. Daily Mirror. 8 April 2012.〕
==First marriage and early work in Austria==
Wiesner was briefly married to the Austrian author, playwright, and scriptwriter Anna Gmeyner. They had one daughter: the author Eva Ibbotson, born Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Wiesner in 1925.〔The Gazette. London. The National Archives of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).〕〔Pauli, M., 'Children's Author Eva Ibbotson Dies Aged 85'. London. The Guardian 22 October 2010.〕 The family moved to Scotland in 1926 when Wiesner accepted a post at the University of Edinburgh. Wiesner and Gmeyner separated in 1928. He became a naturalized citizen in 1934.〔The Gazette. London. The National Archives of Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).〕〔Eccleshare, J., 'Eva Ibbotson Obituary'. London. The Guardian. 24 October 2010.〕
During 1926 while Wiesner was still in Austria, he began investigating the role of hormones in regulating fertility and their impact on foetal development. Wiesner also researched the possibility of preventing and terminating pregnancy by physiological means without mechanical intervention based on oral ingestion of manufactured substances containing hormones. He presented his first paper at the First International Congress for Sex Research organized by the psychiatrist Albert Moll in Berlin.〔Calder, R., 'The Birth of the Future'. London. A. Barker Publishers Ltd 1934〕〔McLaren, A., Reproduction by Design: Sex, Robots, Trees, and Test-Tube Babies in Interwar Britain. University of Chicago Press. 2012〕〔Borell, M., 'Biologists and the Promotion of Birth Control Research 1918 - 1938'. Journal of the History of Biology 20 No.1 (1987) pp51-87.〕
Two years later in 1927 the German gynecologists Bernhard Zondek and Selmar Ascheim discovered that the urine of a pregnant woman contained a substance later identified as the gonadotropic hormone 'human chorionic gonadotropin' that caused an estrous reaction when injected into rats. This provided the basis for the Aschheim-Zondek test for pregnancy.〔O'Dowd, M J. and Philipp, E. E., The History of Obstetrics and Gynecology. New York. Informa Healthcare 2000.〕
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